Smart Robotics for Smart Healthcare

Robotics in healthcare holds the potential to aid a number of practices and tasks[1]. Robots can be used to aid people with cognitive, sensory and motor impairments [2]. They can also act as caregivers to ill, injured or elderly people [3]. They are also being utilized in performing complex surgeries in a trained manner [4]. Since long they have also been used to go inside the human body and scan for varied ailments etc. Robots are physically embodied machines that allow precise and real-time movement of instruments and perform functions in an accurate manner eradicating chances of human error [2]. Advancements in technology especially the proliferation of IoT based solutions has transformed a normal human life into smart living through creation of smart environments, smart homes and smart cities [5,6]. Advancements in medical sciences have further created avenues for smart healthcare solutions [7]. This manuscript gives a brief overview of how robotics is been used to enable smart healthcare to improve human life.


Introduction
Robotics in healthcare holds the potential to aid a number of practices and tasks [1]. Robots can be used to aid people with cognitive, sensory and motor impairments [2]. They can also act as caregivers to ill, injured or elderly people [3]. They are also being utilized in performing complex surgeries in a trained manner [4]. Since long they have also been used to go inside the human body and scan for varied ailments etc. Robots are physically embodied machines that allow precise and real-time movement of instruments and perform functions in an accurate manner eradicating chances of human error [2]. Advancements in technology especially the proliferation of IoT based solutions has transformed a normal human life into smart living through creation of smart environments, smart homes and smart cities [5,6].
Advancements in medical sciences have further created avenues for smart healthcare solutions [7]. This manuscript gives a brief overview of how robotics is been used to enable smart healthcare to improve human life.

Advances in Healthcare Robotics
Robotics in the present times has proliferated by leaps and bounds delivering successful, precise services and solutions in a number of domains [2]. Robotics with IoT has even transformed healthcare and opened numerous avenues. Some of its key focus areas include: surgical and interventional robotics, rehabilitative robotics, clinical workforce support, elderly and people with disability care, assistive living etc [1], [7][8][9][10]. Human Surgery has typically witnessed phenomenal changes with the introduction of robotic surgery [2]. Robots are being successfully applied for a number of surgical operations as depicted in Figure 1   Intuitive Surgical da Vinci robot has reportedly performed successful surgeries on almost 3 million patients worldwide [4].
They are being successfully used in neurosurgery to examine brain lesions without causing any major damage to the adjacent tissue.
In orthopaedic surgeries robots shape the femur to fit prosthetic hip joint replacement with accuracy. With increased life expectancy due to better standards of living a growing demand has unfolded for assistive technologies, healthcare facilities and professionals to provide simple, affordable healthcare services to elderly people or people with disability in an unobtrusive manner. An IoT enabled solution to this demand has emerged in the form of smart homes equipped with wearable medical sensors, actuators and modern IT solutions [5]. ORCATECH Life Laboratory is one such in-house health monitoring solution [2]. Another requirement of trained health professional to provide look after and care to such patients has also been substituted by care bots to provide companionship or look after to patients [11].

Challenges in Healthcare Robotics Adoption
The advances in healthcare robotics are promising. However it is essential to still note some challenges in the domain and discuss how to overcome them. First and most importantly safety and reliability are critical to healthcare. There need to be efforts to ensure safe and gentle human-robot interactions. This especially needs to be taken care of when patients involved may be people with cognitive disabilities of kids. The next major challenge can be attributed to usability and acceptability of robots by clinicians as well as end users. This demands appropriate technical awareness and training. Only effective awareness, knowledge and training of all stakeholders involved in effective usage of healthcare robots can ensure successful usage of these robots. Another major limiting factor can be cost which includes their purchase, maintenance as well as training costs. Robot manufacturers should aim at devising techniques to manufacture and distribute well-trained and tested robots at the optimal possible costs.

Conclusion
Healthcare robotics has witnessed promising advances in the recent years. Their usage has also carved many successful stories validating their usage and application. However, how much they will be integrated into the lives of primary beneficiaries still remains unknown as this would be decided by a number of regulating environmental factors which may vary on a case to case basis as the beneficiaries involved are humans.