Impact of Insomnia on Optimism-A Predictor Factor Among Young Adults in Indian Context

Emerging research supports the findings that nocturnal sleep is one of the most important aspect of our life for maintaining a sound physical and mental health. This area is one of the emerging areas in the field of psychology which has been immensely studied. Various research studies indicate that sleeping less than 7 hours as well as sleeping more than 8 hours is closely linked to an increased susceptibility to a broad range of physical and psychological health problems, such as ranging from poor vigilance and memory to reduced mental and physical reaction times, reduced motivation, depression, insomnia, metabolic abnormalities, obesity, immune impairment, and even a greater risk of coronary heart disease and even cancer [1,2]. Longitudinal evidence suggests that, insomnia is most common co-morbid condition seen with mood, anxiety and predates the onset of low optimistic attitude within an individual [3]. Numerous research studies also reveal significant results which indicates that sleep deprivation among young adults tends to interfere with the mechanism, which is responsible for regulating personality characteristics including optimism, with increased risk for anxiety, negative mood, impulsivity, and inability to cope up with social stresses [4-8].


Introduction
Emerging research supports the findings that nocturnal sleep is one of the most important aspect of our life for maintaining a sound physical and mental health. This area is one of the emerging areas in the field of psychology which has been immensely studied. Various research studies indicate that sleeping less than 7 hours as well as sleeping more than 8 hours is closely linked to an increased susceptibility to a broad range of physical and psychological health problems, such as ranging from poor vigilance and memory to reduced mental and physical reaction times, reduced motivation, depression, insomnia, metabolic abnormalities, obesity, immune impairment, and even a greater risk of coronary heart disease and even cancer [1,2]. Longitudinal evidence suggests that, insomnia is most common co-morbid condition seen with mood, anxiety and predates the onset of low optimistic attitude within an individual [3]. Numerous research studies also reveal significant results which indicates that sleep deprivation among young adults tends to interfere with the mechanism, which is responsible for regulating personality characteristics including optimism, with increased risk for anxiety, negative mood, impulsivity, and inability to cope up with social stresses [4][5][6][7][8].
nucleus (PPT) and lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus (LDT) functions as a switch promoting sleep [10]. The orexinergic neurons of lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) promote wakefulness and the inhibitory effect of VLPO promotes sleep [10].

Models of Insomnia
There are various models which define the foundation of insomnia explaining the various factors that are responsible for related sleep disturbances. One such model is The Diathesis Stress Model or the 3-P model (predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating) factors given by Spielman and colleagues (2011) mentioned the role of the three P's in development and maintenance of insomnia. The insomnia symptoms worsen in an attempt to relieve it hence the model focuses on behavioral pattern [11]. For example, an attempt to compensate for reduced sleep by spending increased time in bed, may worsen insomnia unintentionally. The classical conditioning principles proposed by Bootzin (1972) is the basis of the stimulus control model which states that the person with insomnia becomes conditioned to sleep and bed environment as a stimulus for wakefulness instead of sleep. The therapy attempts to decondition to this stimulus by limiting activities like lying awake, watching TV in bed and ensuring bed is used for sleep only [12]. According to Cognitive Model of insomnia thoughts, (worry about poor sleep and its daytime effects) and associated feeling interferes with the sleep [13]. Study has suggested that scanning of the internal and environment threat signals, and the safety behaviours to increase sleep and minimize the outcome of insomnia ,worsens insomnia [13] whereas, the role of selective attention to sleeprelated indicators in the development and maintenance of insomnia is as per the basis of the Psychobiological Inhibition Model [14]. As per Diagnostic Guidelines of Insomnia (ICD-10, 2004) the following are essential clinical features for a definite diagnosis [15].
a) The complaint is either of difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep or of poor quality of sleep.
b) The sleep disturbance has occurred at least three times per week for at least 1 month.

c)
There is preoccupation with the sleeplessness and excessive concern over its consequences at night and during the day.
d) The unsatisfactory quantity and/or quality of sleep either causes marked distress or interferes with ordinary activities in daily living.
e) The unsatisfactory quantity and /or quality of sleep is the patients only complain.
Compared to the research studies conducted on consequences of poor sleep, there is inadequate evidence regarding the association between sleep duration with positive individual characteristics. According to the data published by National Sleep Foundation (2002) revealed that individuals who had an average sleeping duration of 7 -8 hours reported to have better mental satisfaction with life compared to the other group of individuals who had a sleeping duration of less than 6 hours a night [16]. Fredriksen (1994) conducted another similar kind of study in which the results obtained were evident indicating that longer the sleep duration higher is the self-esteem in adolescents [17]. Various other studies revealed a strong association between ample sleep duration and short sleep onset latency resulting in higher optimism in children [3]. Another experimental study was administered to examine the effect of insomnia and the results indicated that sleep deprivation leads to gradual degradation of self-reported optimism and poor social interaction in young adults, which suggested that sleep duration is a determinant factor for the initiation of positive personality characteristics in an individual [18]. Most of the research studies say that lack of sleep may lead to co-morbid condition which could be anxiety and depressive symptoms and also lack of optimism. In the present study, we therefore tested associations of sleep parameters with optimism among university students aged 17 to 26 years. In particular, the study was conducted to examine the relation between symptoms of insomnia and optimism. Simultaneously, also aimed to evaluate whether individuals with an average sleep duration (between 7 and 8 hours/day) are more optimistic compared to individuals who sleep less than 7 hours or, conversely, more than 8 hours per day [19].

Participants
A total of 92 subjects were selected using purposive sampling based on their encouragement to participate in the present study from the university. The participants were divided into a) Group 0: 63 (aged 17-21 years) b) Group 1: 29 (aged 22-26 years) Individuals who fulfilled the criteria of insomnia with the minimum age of 18 years were included in the study. On the other hand, individuals who were suffering from other psychiatric illness or co morbid conditions were excluded from the study. All the subjects were explained in detail regarding the purpose of the study. Primarily, the mother tongue of all the participants was Hindi simultaneously had a good knowledge of English. Informed consent and personal information were taken from the participant.

Materials Used
Two questionnaires were administered: a) Pittsburgh Sleep quality Index (PSQI) which consisted of 19 individual items, creating 7 components. Higher the score on Pittsburgh quality index, the lower is the sleep quality and vice versa [19]. b) Optimism sleeping Index (OSI) to measure the five facets of Optimism. There are 60 items in the test which are in 5-point Likert system. All the questions were closed set task with 3-point rating scale i.e., yes or no and not sure [20].
The data collected was analyzed using SPSS (version 17, IBM Corporation, Bengaluru, India), along with percentages of the study subjects, with respect to a particular response. The percentages and proportions of different categories of questionnaires were used to analyze the data.

Results and Discussion
The aim of the study was to find out the relationship between insomnia and five facets of Optimism among University students. On statistical analysis, the correlation (Table 1) between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Optimism Index was found to be: (r = -.342, P < .01). Therefore, the findings reveal that there is a negative correlation between Sleeping Difficulties and Optimism which means higher level of optimism is related to better Sleep Quality and more sleeping difficulties relate to lower level of optimism. Further, the data analysed on optimism five facets Positive Emotions (P_E), Engagement (E_M), Meaningfulness(M_F), Relationships(R_S) and Accomplishment(A_C) also provides negative correlation is found again between Sleep Difficulties using PSIQ and each Optimism Facet using OSI (Table 1). Extensive research study on optimism; which is an major aspect of positive personality is important as it is considered one of core platform for the development subjective wellbeing and health [21].A prospective review study was conducted over a 9 year follow-up period which showed a protective effect of dispositional optimism against various cardiovascular mortality in old age controlling the initial health status [22].Considering the literature current study also revealed similar result findings among the university students. The detailed description are as follows:

a) Positive Emotions and PSIQ: On statistical analysis, the correlation between Positive Emotions and Pittsburgh Sleep
Quality Index was found to be: (r = -.304, P < .01) as shown in (Figure 1). This indicates that there is a negative correlation between Sleeping Difficulties & Positive Emotions. This implies the inference that good quality sleep is related to higher value of positive emotions and vice versa.  b) Engagement and PSIQ: The relationship between Engagement and Pittsburgh sleep quality index is (r = -.241, P < .05) which implies a negative correlation between Sleeping Difficulties and Engagement also (Figure 2). A higher value of engagement is seen in students with lower Pittsburgh sleep quality index score as compared to those with higher Pittsburgh score. This implies the same inference as with above facet i.e. good quality sleep relates to good engagement score and Sleeping Difficulties relate to low engagement score/bad engagement skills.
c) Relationship and PSIQ: The correlation value between Relationship and sleep quality Index: (r = -.289, P < .01). A negative correlation value also indicates that this facet of optimism also relates to a higher value corresponding to lower values on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Figure 3). This again confirms our inference that more Sleeping Difficulties are related to lower inter-personal Relationship skills. A good quality sleep is related to a higher level of Relationship values in students. There are similar supporting studies which shows that people with lower social network and relationships tend to exhibit poor sleep. Researchers pointed out the importance of relationship support on health which indicated that higher level of non-reciprocity in social interaction, the higher level of sleep problems, depression and lower level of physical and mental health [23]. d) Meaningfulness and PSIQ: The fourth facet of optimism is meaningfulness which correlates as: (r = -.258, P < .05) with the Pittsburgh score. This value also suggests that a good meaningfulness score is seen in students with good quality sleep as compared to those with sleep difficulties (Figure 4). Haack And Mullington [24] demonstrated that sleep deprivation resulted in a gradual reduction of self-reported optimism and sociability in young adults, which suggests a causal relation between sleep and positive personality characteristics. There are rich literature studies conducted which shows the relationship between insomnia and physical health [25] wherein optimism on one side has a sleep-enhancing effect; whereas poor sleep constitutes pessimism on the other side [24,25]. Similarly, it's interesting to study that depressive mood fully moderates the first pathway, from optimism to sleep quality, the effects of sleep on optimism are only partially explained by depressive mood [26]. e) Accomplishment and PSIQ: The last facet which is accomplishment has a correlation value: (r = -.289, P < .01) with the Pittsburgh score. This facet is also related to Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index similarly. Sleeping Difficulties relate to a lower value of accomplishment and good quality sleep relates to a higher value of accomplishment ( Figure 5). Robert et al. [27] stated that chronic insomnia is one of the leading causes that can result in poor performances in various aspects, including the interpersonal, somatic and psychological functioning of an individual [27]. Further, analysis was done to compare the variation in Optimism Index and Pittsburgh Score of participants with variation across the age Group ( Table 2). The mean Optimism Index for Age Group 0 & Age Group 1 ( Table 2) were found to be M(SD) = 222.06(18.562) & M(SD) = 226.59(27.514). These mean optimism index scores of the students of the two age groups was compared and the variation was found to be just 2.04%, the mean Optimism Index increased by just 2.04% when moving from lower age group(Group 0) to higher age group(Group 1), which was considered as a marginal difference. This implies in turn reveals that Optimism level was comparatively better in Group 1: "22-26" age group. Thus, this present study also suggests age doesn't have a significant impact on the optimism level of university students. Comparison was also done between the mean Pittsburgh scores of the two age groups. The Mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scores for Age Group 0 and Age Group 1 found to be M(SD) = 6.05(3.333) & M(SD) = 5.86(3.710) which was suggestive marginal/negligible difference. However, there are longitudinal studies conducted on adolescence which revealed that sleep duration decreased with age. Longer sleep duration was concurrently associated with better subjective psychological wellbeing [28] whereas, there was contraindicatory findings which showed that both the age groups had a variation of just 3.14% in Mean Pittsburgh Index Scores. The Mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index shows a decrease by 3.14% from lower age group (Group 0) to higher age group (Group1). This finding suggest that Sleep Quality was found marginally better in Group 1 i.e. "22-26" age group which indicates that age group variation among university students doesn't significantly affect their sleep quality which can be related to limited sample size. A similar study was conducted on effect of Optimism and Self-Esteem related to sleep in a large community-Based Sample and results indicated that individuals with insomnia symptoms scored lower on optimism and selfesteem which was largely independent of age and sex, controlling for symptoms of depression and short duration. Thus, the current findings confirm the previous knowledge gained by studies that people with better sleep quality have higher optimism and people with poor sleep quality have lower optimism. Also, that high level of optimism also directly or indirectly results in better sleep quality. Despite the success to find out the impact of insomnia on the five facets of optimism among young adults, there were certain limitations in the current study, which are as follows: a) As the data collected was disproportionate in terms of sample size, gender therefore, standard generalization of the result is limited.
b) The optimism index scale questionnaire used in the study is under construction hence, superficial information regarding the facets of optimism was obtained which can be a factor that may affect the result analysis.
To overcome these shortcomings, further studies should be conducted so that a causal linkage between the variables can be drawn. Also, in order to give some more accurate result, different other aspects of the variable (e.g., stress and five facets of optimism; depression and optimism) should also be measured. Moreover, standardized objective instruments should be used to measure the variables, so that the reliability can be measured, and generalized results can be increased.

Conclusion and Implication
In summary, current study extends the knowledge towards the facets of optimism, elaborating that a better sleep quality is also related to higher level of positive facets viz. Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationship, Meaningfulness & Accomplishment. It also the expands the knowledge towards expansion of the facets of optimism, elaborating that a better sleep quality is related to five positive facets of optimism index scale viz. Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationship, Meaningfulness & Accomplishment. Future studies can make a greater effort in verifying the relationship among optimism, stress, depression, social support and how they interact with each other in order to predict insomnia or any sleep deprivation.
In a university setting, finding can be implemented to nurture optimism and guide sleep hygiene promotion and intervention among college students.