The Newest Agricultural Technologies

The primary objective of agricultural production is to provide an economical, sustainable and productive industry in plant and animal production. For this purpose, alternative solutions are provided to the problems that need solution or improvement and to facilitate agriculture in various areas such as increasing productivity and product quality, minimum input usage, food reliability, protection of natural resources and environment in agricultural production. In this study, the technologies which are successfully applied in plant production and animal breeding were addressed by taking into consideration the advances made especially in recent years.


Introduction
The agricultural sector has been adversely affected by global market instabilities, economic crisis, animal diseases and climate changes in recent years. In addition, structural problems such as the average size of farms not allowing adequate investments to increase productivity, absence of large-piece agricultural lands, lack of education, agricultural employment and population growth as well as the emergence of alternative uses of agricultural products such as biofuels cause inefficiencies [1]. Due to the rapid increase in the world population and urbanization, agricultural land per capita and natural resources such as water are decreasing due to the decrease in agricultural areas. For this reason, it has become necessary to increase productivity in agricultural production through technological and genetic methods. Excessive use of chemicals and fertilizers, during the intensive agricultural practices made to increase efficiency, has caused problems such as environmental pollution in soil and ground water and the loss of the production power of the field over time. Today, increasing product quality, minimum input usage, food reliability, protection of natural resources, increased environmental awareness, economic production and sustainable agriculture concepts have become a priority, despite the previous goals of increased yield and productivity.
As a result of the rapid developments in information technology following the mechanization, automation, and control technologies during the development period of agricultural production, today, intelligent machines and production systems that control machines have begun to take over traditional production methods. Information technology consists of hardware, algorithms and software developed for the management of the collection, processing, storage, transfer and use of information processes. The implementation of present knowledge and experiences in agriculture together with the machine learning, deep learning, artificial intelligence, modeling and simulation applications enabled the development of real-time and automated expert systems, autonomous tractors or agricultural machines and agricultural robotics applications.
Precision agriculture technologies are agricultural production and management methods whose targets are more economic and more environmentally sensitive production [2].
Precision agriculture practices start with the acquisition of data through the use of various sensors and remote sensing technologies and continue with the determination of soil properties of the production area through soil tests. All information such as yield values, fertilizer and pesticide application norms, climatic data, topographic data, weed density, disease status of the previous production seasons are associated with their actual location in the production area. Then, the applications to be done are decided using appropriate hardware and software. And, it ends with the application of variable-level practices in the field according to the application form decided. In addition, variable rate application systems and real-time product monitoring systems have been developed as a result of the sensors and software developed by the manufacturers of precision agricultural equipment and technologies: a) Increased production efficiency, b) Improved product quality, c) The use of more effective chemicals and other inputs, d) Energy saving, e) The soil and ground water protection.
In addition to the production of field crops, precision agriculture technologies have been successfully applied in vineyards and orchards, pasture and meadow management and in animal production. Applications vary from tea industry in Tanzania and Sri Lanka to sugar cane production in Brazil, rice in China, India and Japan, grain and sugar beet production in Argentina, Australia, Europe and the United States [3]. Although it is expressed using different terms such as precision agriculture, precision farming, smart farming, variable rate application, site specific farming, site specific management, computer aided farming and prescription farming, the term smart farming has become more widely used recently.

Figure 1:
A typical crop growing cycle in precision agriculture [5] modified [4]. 623 research and software for the general management of agricultural production systems. A typical crop growing cycle in precision agriculture is shown in Figure 1 [4].

Precision Livestock Farming
The first desired condition in animal production is breeding races with higher meat and milk yield. Second one is to make sure that the highest level of individual potential of animals is achieved through an adequate and balanced nutrition. The third is to take preventive health measures against diseases that cause the major losses in animal production and to minimize the use of drugs with the early detection of diseases and the necessary intervention health; and, sustainable and productive management is provided by ensuring that the individual potential of the animals is utilized at the highest level by making the herd management applications accurate and timely [6].
Precision livestock production allows collecting data at individual cow level as well as precision (individual) nutrition, regular milk recording (yield and components), pedometer, pressure plates, milk conductivity indicators, automatic oestrus detection, body weight, temperature, lying behavior, ruminal pH, heart rate, feeding behavior, blood analysis, respiratory rate, rumination time and movement skill scoring using image analysis. In this way, it minimizes drug (antibiotics) use and provides and proactive animal health strategy through preventive health by focusing on health and performance [7]. Benefits from precision animal production technologies include increased efficiency, reduced cost, improved product quality, minimized negative impacts on the environment and improved animal health and welfare. These technologies are likely to have a major impact on health, reproduction and quality control [8]. Figure 2 shows the areas observed in dairy cattle in precision livestock production.

Figure 2:
The areas to monitor in dairy cattle in precision livestock production [9].

Autonomous Tractor
The

Agricultural Robots
Agricultural robots are classified as indoor and outdoor robots, in general. Outdoor robots include GPS assisted steering systems, meadow robots, pruning robots, spraying robots, seeding/planting robots and silage robot. Indoor robots include harvesting robots, milking robots and barn robots [13]. Autonomous agricultural robots are now an alternative to tractors in the fields. Breeding operations can be carried out by the fleets of autonomous agricultural robots in the future, such as seed sowing, spraying, fertilization and harvesting robots. Agricultural robots must have some basic capabilities and the ability to support multiple applications. A navigation system is required for safe and autonomous navigation as a basic capability [14]. When different applications of autonomous vehicles in agriculture have been compared with conventional systems, it has been found that the first three main groups of potential practical applications include plant cultivation, plant care and selective harvesting [15].

The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Agriculture
Aerial vehicles that can operate through remote control or autonomously with its own power system, and that can load and   [19].

Curr Inves Agri Curr Res
Copyrights@ Dnyaneshwar K Jadhav. rapidly and practically generated with the use of NDVI sensors in drone systems, instead of using variable-rate application maps prepared by ground-based or satellite images. In this way, it is possible to increase the efficiency by decreasing fertilizer costs.

e) Herd management and monitoring: The amounts
and activity levels of free-bred ovine or bovine animals can be monitored from above through a drone.

Conclusion
Agriculture is a vital industry due to its contribution to the sustainability of lives of people, to national income and employment and its provision of raw materials to other industries. Therefore, the agricultural sector has a direct impact on all segments of the society with its economic, social and environmental dimensions.
Economically, subjects such as increasing agricultural production and farmer revenues, minimum use of production inputs, improving marketing conditions, etc. are addressed. Socially, there are topics such as food quality and safety, agricultural employment, socio-economic sustainability of rural areas, animal welfare, etc. And, environmental issues include biodiversity, protection of wildlife, meadow-pasture, forests, underground and surface waters, and soil resources. Utilizing the opportunities offered by advanced technologies is becoming increasingly mandatory in order to achieve high success in studies conducted on all these comprehensive issues, due to the importance of the subjects and difficulties involved.